Mercredi 01 décembre 2010
Perhaps the most ancient mode of using oatmeal in Britain, and which is still kfpt up in the northern parts of the island, is by making it into North Face Outlet pottage, or porridge: this is stirring meal among boiling water or milk North Face in a pot over the fire with a little salt, till it grows thick or sets. This dish is eaten with milk, butter, or ale. An ancient variety of it is called brose, which is made by roasting the oatmeal in North Face Jackets a frying pan till it is a little brown, and pouring over it the liquor in which beef has been boiled.4154. Sowans is a species of food little known in England, but much used in Scotland. • It is prepared from the husk, or bran, from which the oatmeal has been sifted, much inthe same way as starch is from wheat. The husk of the oats (called sids) is mixed with water, and suffered to remain until it sours a little. The whole is then thrown upon a sieve, and water passed through. By this all the fine starchy matter is carried down into a The North Face tub with water placed beneath, in which it subsides to the bottom ; the sour liquor is decanted off, and the sediment, still moist, is put into a vessel for use.
Barley Bread.—This is much used in Scotland, particularly in the Highlands, as also in Wales, in Devonshire, and some other parts of England. The barley meal is made into bread by kneading it well with water and a little salt; it is then formed immediately either into thick or thin cakes, as may be required. When made stiff, and about three quarters of an inch thick, called barley bannocks, they are toasted or baked before a clear, hot fire, by being placed upon the edge, and when nearly done they require to be watched well that they may North Face not burn. It was most likely this sort of cakes that our great Alfred was left to take care of when a goatherd, and the neglect of which brought on the chiding which he experienced. Very thin barley cakes, called scons, are much used in the Highlands, particularly at breakfast ; they are made by baking them quickly on an iron plate, and, when well made, are much relished; they are generally eaten warm, with butter. Barley bread is also much used in Norway: in short, ia those countries which are too cold for the cultivation of other kinds of grain.4153. Oat Bread.—Oatmeal is much used in Scotland, Lancashire, and other northern counties of England, and also in Wales. The mode of forming it into bread is the same, as that with barley meal. When made thick, this bread in Scotland is called bannock, the term cakes being there North Face Outlet reserved for the Ihin sort, which are first baked upon a hot plate, or griddle, till they are stiff enough to stand upon their edges, and then they are toasted before a turf fire, made The North Face on the hearth, till they are crisp. In farm-houses they bake a considerable quantity North Face Jackets at once, and keep them on a rack fixed to the ceiling: they may be kept for a long time if quite dry.
Milk, huller, eggs, suet, and other substances are occasionally mixed with the flour North Face Jackets and water, to make the bread lighter or more agreeable. Unfermented bread may be flaky, but is never porous or spongy.4149. The primitive mode of baking bread it still preserved among the Arabs of the desert, who, as Niebuhr informs us, "lay cakes of dough in hot coals, covering them entirely with the ashes till the bread, in their opinion, is quite done, when they take them from the ashes and eat them warm; but they prefer baking them upon an iron plate, which they carry with them, as cleaner."Portable ovens are frequent in Eastern countries, and form part of the furniture of travellers in that part of the world. St. Jerome describes an Eastern oven as a round vessel of brass, blackened on the outside by the surrounding fire, which heats it within.4150. The bread eaten by the Jews during the Passover is unleavened ; and this usage was introduced in commemoration of their hasty departure from Egypt, when, not having leisure to bake leavened bread, they The North Face took the dough before it was fermented, and " baked of it unleavened cakes."4151. Unleavened bread is much used, not only in this kingdom, hut in other countries, every kind of grain not affording meal capable of being fermented easily by itself. This is the case with the meal of barley, oats, and maize. The method of making bread of this kind is extremely North Face Outlet simple, and North Face has the advantage of requiring the least preparation ; although this species of bread is not so light and easily digested by those who have lived long in an artificial state of society, and who are accustomed to very different food, yet a large proportion of robust, healthy peasantry in the northern parts of this island subsist upon it.4152.
Bakers not lo bake bread or rolls on Sundays, or follow any part of their North Face trade, except setting sponge for next day's baking ; but bakings may be delivered to The North Face customers until halfpast one o'clock, and not later, on Sundays, under the penalty of 30*. No baker, mcalman, or miller to act as a. magistrate under this act, under a penalty of £100. One half of each penalty to go to the informer (aud 3t extra on Sundays for his expenses), and the other moiety to the overseer, or other parochial officer.CHAPTER III.THEORY OF BREAD-MAKING J THE VARIOUS KINDS OF BREAD, AND MANNER OF PREPARING THEM.Sect. I.—Unferhented Bread. 4147. Leaven having been, as we have stated in our " History of Bread," the original North Face Jackets substance by ichich bread was fermcnted,lhere were at first but two kinds of bread, unleavened and leavened. Hence the term unfermented was then synonymous with unleavened ; at present this is not the case, as bread prepared with yeast is, strictly speaking, also unleavened. Among the Jews, however, the use of the name unleavened is restricted to bread not at all fermented, and this,use of the term is not unusual with others.4148. When meal or flour and water arc kneaded together, they form a tenacious paste called dough, not easily digestible by the stomach. The action of fire produces a considerable change on the gluten, anil likewise in the starch of ilic flour, rendering the compound more easy to masticate and digest. Forming meal produced from any kind of grain into cakes by moistening it with water, and toasting tlK'.-e before the fire or on the embers, on a hot plate, or baking it in an oven, were the first methods practised of making bread, North Face Outlet and these modes are still used extensively in many parts of the world.
The following is an abstract of the last bread act (5 and 6 William IV., c. 37), entitled "An Act to repeal the several Acts The North Face North Face Outlet now in force relating to Oread to be sold out of the City of London and the Weekly Bilk of Mortality ; and for the more effectually preventing the Adulteration of Bread, Meal, and Flour." Bakers may make aud sell bread made of wheat, barley, rye, oats, buckwheat, Indian corn, pease, beans, rice, or potatoes, or any of them, along with common salt, pure water, eggs, milk, barm, leaven, and mixed in any proportions they may choose. " Dread may be rmtOe of any size and weight. Bread to be sold by weight, and North Face in no other manner (French rolls and fancy bread excepted). Bakers to use avoirdupois weight, of sixteen ounce* lo the pound, and no other. Penalty for using false weights, £5. Bakers delivering bread by cart, &c, to be provided with scales and weight-!. Bakers convicted of Adulterating bread by using any other ingredient besides thuso above mentioned, are liable to a penalty of £10, and to have their names and abodes advertised in the newspapers. Penalty for adulterating (four, meal, Ac., £20. Bread made of any other grain North Face Jackets but wheat to be marked with the letter M. Magistrates and peace-officers, by warrant, may search bakers' premises, and seize and carry away adulterated bread and flour. Penalty for obstructing search, < imprisonment. or fine them subjects bakeim journeymen default wilful occasioned Offences offence. subsequent every for sum like £10, penalty offender premises, bakers? found being
Mardi 23 novembre 2010
The most prudent treatment in a case or accident of this kint skechers is to take off a quantity of blood skechers shoes immediately, and throw cold water on the head repeaterlly. A strong stimulus, such as hartshorn, applied to the feet, has also a very good effect.426. Besides its use as a fuel, charcoal possesses several properties which qualify it to render very important services in the arts. Its indestructibility renders charring the outside shape ups of wood that is shape ups boots to be driven into the ground a very useful practice. Its tendency to absorb various gases makes it skechers shape ups very serviceable in preventing putrefaction ; it is accordingly one of the best preservers of meat for a short time, and will even remove a slight taint when meat has been kept too long. (See " Preservation of Food.") It makes an excellent toothpowder.Its nonconducting property renders it very useful on many occasions for confining heat. It has also the property of freeing many liquors from their empyreumatic flavour, and also of depriving them of colour.Sect. III.—Coal. 427. This substance, sometimes distinguished by the term pit-coal, and now the most important fuel in the world, has not been in use above three centuries. Vast strata of it are found deep-seated in the earth, and it is raised by the regular operations of mining. Notwithstanding its situation would appear to present great difficulties to the supposition, yet it is now completely ascertained that it has been formed from vast collections of vegetable matter that have got together, and been subjected to the action of water, compression, and other causes, but in what particular manner time has wrought so great a change is not distinctly understood. The analysis of coal is not very shape ups shoes different from that of vegetable matter in general: each consists chiefly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ; only the latter exists in much smaller proportion in coal than in recent vegetables, and coal contains a little ammonia, sulphur, and a shape ups skechers good deal of earthy matter.